Great giving opportunities are few and far between; rather than offering to help donors "check the legitimacy" of particular groups, I believe in urging them to give to only the very best charities. In fact, it's fundamentally very difficult for an individual donor to meaningfully help people.
When you want to help people as a donor, you have to get in line behind all of the groups below.
For-profit companies. I believe that most of the things you can do that make strangers' lives better are things you can get paid for. Every day people help each other send packages, prepare food, recover from illness, etc. via market transactions. This may seem like a trivial and obvious point, but it's the reason we are so focused on helping the very poor. When you're trying to help people who aren't poor, you're competing with for-profit enterprises.
And even the very poor get a lot of help from for-profit services. For example, when people started realizing that cellphones could be useful to the very poor, the result was expansion of for-profit cellphone service into the developing world. There were some nonprofit attempts to contribute to this dynamic, but we're skeptical that they added much value on top of the profit-driven ones.
I am certainly not saying that all profit-making enterprises are helpful nor that all forms of help are profitable. But a lot of the easiest help to provide—even for the poorest—is already provided by people who are doing it to make money.
Governments. When a market failure is clear and severe, the government often steps in. Many feel it does not step in enough or that it does more harm than good, but the fact remains that much of the "lowest-hanging fruit" for helping people where markets won't is covered by governments. Low-income people in the US get free education with high teacher attendance rates, free emergency medical care, and cash, among other things. People in the developing world get far less from their governments, but most governments still provide a good deal of free medical care.
Local philanthropy and community. When it comes to market failures that the government fails to address, there are still often local nonprofits—and just local people—who are well placed to step in quickly and effectively. This is not an endorsement of small, community-based organizations as giving opportunities for individual donors outside the community. If you're outside the community you're trying to help, you're going to have trouble figuring out what the real problems are and who ought to be funded to address them; the people in the community will often be better placed to help, by donating and otherwise, than you are.
Big foundations.There are opportunities to help that are missed by for-profits, governments, and locals. There are many extremely well-funded and well-staffed foundations looking for just these opportunities.
Other donors. If you want your donation to have an impact, you need to find opportunities that have been missed not only by all the groups above, but also by other individual donors. Our focus on room for more funding is an attempt to deal with this situation.
In my view, the wealthier the community, the more effective the first three items above (for-profits, government, and locals) will be in addressing their problems. Therefore, if you want to find opportunities to provide help that isn't already being given, you probably need to look at the world's poorest communities—but doing that probably means helping people who are very far away and very culturally different from yourself, and you have to find opportunities that haven't already been found by the big foundations or other donors.
When a donor says, "I have $1,000 that I'd like to use to help someone," it may not sound like they're asking for much. But on reflection, I think they're really saying, "I'm looking for someone who needs help that they can't get from a company, their government, their community, or any other donor big or small—and I expect to provide this help just by sending a $1,000 check, despite having very little experience or knowledge of the situation."
Put this way, the donor's request sounds somewhat exorbitant, and it seems that we shouldn't expect them to be able to accomplish much with their $1,000. Yet as it turns out, I believe that (if they take the rare opportunities that we highlight at GiveWell, for example) they can often use that money to save a life. I think this is a somewhat shocking observation and that it reflects serious problems with the nonprofit ecosystem.
I also think we shouldn't expect this to be the situation indefinitely. I hope that as the world gets better at providing help to those who need it, all the opportunities to save a life for $1,000 will be snapped up more quickly. That will leave GiveWell customers—individual donors looking to help people they've never met and know little about—with much less exciting options, and that's how it should be.
Holden Karnofsky is co-founder of GiveWell, an independent charity evaluation group. GiveWell identifies and recommends top charities in causes such as international charity, microfinance, and disaster relief.
